Realitatea Vâlceană vă recomandă ,,Epoca de fier” de John Maxwell Coetzee
John Maxwell Coetzee (n.. 9 februarie 1940 la Cape Town) este un romancier sud-african, laureat al Premiului Nobel pentru Literatură în 2003. Coetzee s-a născut în 1940 la Cape Town, Africa de Sud, într-o familie bilingvă (unde se vorbeau în acelaşi timp engleza şi germană); a crescut folosind engleza ca limbă maternă. Şi-a început cariera de romancier în 1974 cu un volum care conţinea doua nuvele Dusklands (Tărâmuri de amurg), obţinând renume internaţional, în 1980, cu romanul Waiting for the Barbarians(Aşteptându-i pe barbari). În 1983 a primit cea mai prestigioasă distincţie literară britanică, Premiul Booker, pentru romanul Life and Times of Michael K(Michael K., viaţa şi vremea sa).
În Epoca de fier, încă de la prima pagină, îşi face apariţia personajul hoinarului cerşetor, de data aceasta nu ca protagonist, ci ca reflector al personajului feminin principal al cărţii – o fostă profesoară de limbi clasice, o albă. Pensionată, aceasta trăieşte singură, în Africa de Sud, în perioada apartheid-ului, aşteptându-şi moartea adusă de cancer şi ducând dorul fiicei plecate definitiv în America. După o viaţă „curată“, trăită în rezervaţia oferită de cultură, vestea bolii fatale, lipsa fiicei, apariţia providenţială a vagabondului în preajma casei sale, faptul că în preajma ei nişte albi au omorât doi copii negri – fiul menajerei şi prietenul acestuia – o fac să înfrunte cu stoicism adevărul suferinţei personale şi al suferinţei colective, să iasă din arena sinelui şi să păşească buimacă în înfricoşătorul for public.
Coetzee alege să-şi scrie romanul sub forma unei lungi scrisori pe care bătrâna i-o scrie, printre durerile infernale ale bolii, fiicei care jurase să nu se mai întoarcă în Africa până când segregarea culturală şi socială nu se va fi sfârşit. Cel însărcinat cu trimiterea epistolei este chiar Vercueil, vagabondul alcoolic, singura fiinţă de care se mai poate apropia bătrîna, singura fiinţă care o mai poate îmbrăţişa şi ca bărbat, şi ca fiică, şi ca mamă, înaintea marii treceri. Femeia îşi asumă, în calitate de narator, atât istoria propriu-zisă, cât şi comentariile aflate sub semnul unei lucidităţi întârziate, al reflexivităţii, romanul fiind construit din întrepătrunderea de secţiuni narativ-descriptive şi de intervale ale analizei. Romanul este unul întunecat, scriitura reflexiv-metaforică căpătând glasul revoltei, al amărăciunii, al dezamăgirii. Femeia face eforturi pentru a privi în lumina adevărului piese inconfortabile sau condamnabile ale trecutului şi ale prezentului, învăluite toate în haina cutremurătoare a singurătăţii, a nevoii de iubire, a durerii sfâşietoare a mamei care găseşte abia acum, prin intermediul cuvintelor, puterea de a lua atitudine, inclusiv de a-i reproşa fiicei iubite că a părăsit-o.
În povestea sufletului găzduit de un trup în descompunere sunt înnodate mărturisiri care ţintesc spre lepădarea măştilor, spre denunţarea falsităţii din viaţa de familie şi din cea socială, spre recunoaşterea, cu ruşine, a tolerării tacite a violenţei şi a degradării din jur, răni deschise pe care, ani de-a rândul, femeia se iluzionase că le poate ignora, crezând că activitatea sa universitară este o acţiune suficientă, ce poate ţine loc de implicare socială, vizibilă pentru ceilalţi. Ajunsă însă la vârsta la care revolta sa răsună în gol, nemaiavând puterea de a dobândi rezonanţa necesară coagulării forţelor, bătrâna constată cu disperare că orice realitate pe care o cosmetizezi te transformă în complice.
Lăsându-şi cititorul fără să ştie dacă această scrisoare va ajunge sau nu, Coetzee ridică un semn de întrebare asupra posibilităţii căinţei şi a renaşterii. Însă, prin această formă directă de adresare, autorul îşi transformă toţi cititorii în destinatari ai mesajului său, ai întrebărilor şi ai acuzelor. O ţară şi o femeie se află pe patul morţii, iar femeia se simte datoare să răsfrângă prin propriile convulsii dureroase convulsiile întregii ţări. Femeia îşi înfruntă cu stoicism moartea, refuză internarea într-un spital, căci vrea „să treacă prin apă“ cu ochii larg deschişi, nu adormită de medicamente. La fel caută să-şi păstreze şi conştiinţa civică trează, fie şi în ultimul ceasul. Cum?! Scriind, încercînd să-i ofere din nou limbajului puterile pierdute, mutilate, într-o lume în care comunicarea reală, adâncă pare amorţită.
Cuvintele, dar mai ales boala şi moartea sunt tot ce mai pot secreta trupul femeii şi trupul ţării. Travaliul devine o parodie, a ideii de maternitate. În confesiunile bătrânei, este omniprezentă nostalgia după lumea şi după vremea veche, căci lumea în care trăieşte şi pe care nu vrea s-o mai accepte ca pe un dat şi-a pierdut „indicatoarele spre civilizaţie“, confuzia valorilor este mai puternică decât oricând. Diferenţele dintre cine e prezenţă şi cine e absenţă, cine e bun şi cine e rău, cine e victimă şi cine e opresor sunt imposibil de stabilit.
Coetzee excelează în a reda la modul senzitiv reflecţiile dureroase ale femeii surprinse în diferite ipostaze: femeia singură şi bătrână, mama părăsită, intelectualul ce devine purtător de conştiinţă socială. Acesta din urmă simte toată apăsarea, dar şi responsabilitatea celor întâmplate în Africa – violenţe, exil, ura mocnită, brutalitatea poliţiştilor albi şi, deopotrivă, a bandelor de negri, moartea copiilor de culoare, sub privirile încurajatoare ale adulţilor.
În Epoca de fier, J. M. Coetzee decupează şi concentrează crâmpeie înfiorătoare din istorie, statuînd legătura consubstanţială dintre aceasta şi literatură, pe de o parte, prin transformarea actului trăit în act scris, iar pe de altă parte, prin provocarea – seducătoare estetic – pe care i-o adresează cititorul de a transforma, la rândul său, cititul în trăit. (N.S.)
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